Gastrointestinal Immunology mainly focus on differentiation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue, regulation of innate and adaptive immune cell differentiation and function, genetic and epigenetic factors regulating immune responses and inflammation. It also gives idea about the clinical research, clinical trials and epidemiology studies on gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases including but not limited to gluten-sensitive enteropathy, inflammatory bowel disease, and gastritis, malabsorption syndromes, diarrhea, gastric and duodenal ulcers and disease of the salivary glands excluding cystic fibrosis.

Pediatric Gastroenterology is subjected with treating the gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas of children from infancy till adulthood. Testing is done using PH Probes, Breath Test, Liver Biopsies, Endoscopic Procedure.

The main aim of the study of pediatric gastroenterology is to scale down infant and child rate of deaths, control the spread of infectious disease, and promote healthy lifestyles for a long disease-free life and aid ease the issue of children and adolescents.

Gastrointestinal Pathology is sub discipline of surgical Pathology. It deals with the analysis and exposure of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of the digestive tract and accessory organs, such as the pancreas and liver.

Though pathology diagnosis is a critical determinant of future cancer risk and screening interval, many of these diagnoses do not result in significant morbidity or mortality for patients; thus, errors may be "masked" by the limited effect to the patient in the present context.

Digestive cancers can have wide-ranging effects on our health, nutritional status, and quality of life. It shows the symptoms of internal bleeding, acute pains, swelling, inability to digest, difficulty in swallowing or chronic constipation or acute diarrhea.

The diagnosis often requires endoscopy, pursued by biopsy of suspicious tissue. The treatment depends on the location of the tumour, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere, these factors also determine the prognosis. Esophageal cancer is the sixth-most-common cancer in the world, and its incidence is increasing.

Radiology can be done in many ways like x-ray, computed tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging. Computed tomography now allows comprehensive assessment of abdominal and pelvic inflammatory and infectious processes, obstruction, tumour detection and staging, and display of vasculature and blunt trauma effects.

Barium studies of the gastrointestinal tract, enteroclysis for small-bowel assessment, and conventional radiography still have a role, despite the extensive use of fiberoptic endoscopy. Fluoroscopy is still important, but great advances in technologies have changed gastrointestinal radiology irrevocably.

Gastrointestinal motility is characterized by the movements of the digestive system, and the transit of the contents within it. Gastrointestinal Disorder is the disorder related to gastrointestinal tract namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum, and the accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Gastrointestinal disorders include such conditions as constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, perianal abscesses, anal fistulas, perianal infections, diverticular diseases, colitis, colon polyps and cancer. Many of these can be prevented or minimized by maintaining a healthy lifestyle, practicing good bowel habits, and submitting to cancer screening.

Gastrointestinal disorders research remains severely underfunded. Less than 1% of digestive disease research funding, through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), is allocated for functional disorders.

Common digestive problems include heartburn/GERD, IBD, and IBS. Symptoms may include bloating, diarrhea, gas, stomach pain, and stomach cramps. Treatment includes a combination of medication and lifestyle changes.

Treatment options include drugs that reduce acid levels, such as the proton pump inhibitors Aciphex, Nexium, Prevacid, Prilosec, and Protonix and the H2 blockers Axid, Pepcid, Tagamet, and Zantac

Above all Digestive disorder, Achalasia is dangerous as it  a failure of smooth muscle fibers to relax, which can cause a sphincter to remain closed and fail to open when needed.  The main symptoms of achalasia are dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing), regurgitation of undigested food, chest pain behind the sternum, and weight loss.

            Pancreas produces juices that help break down food and hormones that help control blood sugar levels. Problems with the pancreas can lead to many health problems like pancreatitis, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and pancreatic cancer.

The pancreas additionally assumes a part in diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas never again make insulin in light of the fact that the body's resistant framework has assaulted them. In type2 diabetes, the pancreas loses the capacity to emit enough insulin.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a band of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the most important types of inflammatory bowel disease. It not only affects the small and large intestine but also affects the mouth, oesophagus, stomach and the anus.

The following symptoms are abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and severe internal cramps/muscle spasms in the region of the pelvis and weight loss. Diagnosis is generally by assessment of inflammatory markers in stool followed by colonoscopy with biopsy of pathological lesions.

Colorectal Diseases (CRD) generally varies from benign lesions to malignant and cancerous masses. A  variety of tests and procedures to screen for and diagnose colorectal disease, including one or more of the following  Colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, Endoscopic ultrasound, Capsule endoscopy.

A variety of medical and surgical treatment options for colorectal disease, including: Endoscopic mucosal resection, Fecal microbiota transplant, Bowel resection, J-pouch surgery.

Liver sickness (likewise called hepatic infection) is a sort of harm to or ailment of the liver. There are more than a hundred various types of liver disease, symptoms may incorporate jaundice and weight loss.er ailment can happen through a few components. A typical type of liver ailment is viral contamination. Viral hepatitis, for example, Hepatitis B infection and Hepatitis C infection can be vertically transmitted amid birth by means of contact with contaminated blood.

A number of liver function tests (LFTs) are now available to test the proper function of the liver. Anti-viral medications are available to treat infections such as hepatitis B. Other conditions may be managed by slowing down disease progression.

The gastrointestinal diseases require treatment, pharmacological treatment are divided into 2 categories- the prescription drugs and Over the Counter (OTC) drugs. Gastrointestinal drugs are prescribed based on the diagnostic results yielded during the haematological or imaging tests. The most common diagnosis is done through endoscopy. The therapies are recommended based on gastrointestinal tract disorders, gastrointestinal tract walls disorders, gastrointestinal motility disorders, gastrointestinal cancers.

Probiotics are not currently regulated and only few randomized controlled trials exist investigating their efficacy in different GI disorders

Peritoneal infections are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Antibiotic therapy is used to prevent local and haematogenous spread of an intra-abdominal infection and to reduce late complications. Several different antibiotic regimens are available for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections.

Gastrointestinal surgery is divided into upper GI surgery and lower GI surgery. Upper GI Surgery includes surgery for gastro-oesophageal reflux, Gall bladder disease, Hernias, other benign oesophageal and gastric disorders, other benign pancreatic and hepatobiliary disorders. Lower gastrointestinal surgery includes colorectal surgery and surgery of the small intestine.

Laparoscope is a fiber-optic gadget that transmits pictures from internal part of the body to a video screen when embedded in the stomach divider.

HPB stands for Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery - meaning surgery of the liver, pancreas and biliary system. HPB surgeons help to diagnose and treat patients with conditions such as liver cancer (primary or secondary), pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis, bile duct cancer and gallstones.  

HPB surgery requires technical expertise in challenging operations that have significant risk of major complications. Further, an association between volume of operations performed (both by the individual and hospital) and surgical outcome has been well established in relation to operations such as major hepatic and pancreatic resections.

Minimally invasive surgery uses tiny cuts in the skin or no cuts at all rather than the large cuts often needed in traditional surgery.

There are many kinds of minimally invasive surgery. Each involves the surgeon using an endoscope. This is a thin tube with a light and tiny video camera on the end. The endoscope lets the surgeon see inside the body and use very small surgical tools in the area.

Obesity has become a global health problem that contributes to numerous life-threatening and disabling diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease.

Bariatric surgery (weight loss surgery) includes a variety of procedures performed on people who have obesity. This is done by reducing the size of the stomach with a gastric band or through removal of a portion of the stomach or by resecting and re-routing the small intestine to a small stomach pouch. The U.S. National Institutes of Health prescribes bariatric surgery for corpulent individuals with a body mass record (BMI) of no less than 40, and for individuals with BMI of no less than 35 and genuine coinciding therapeutic conditions.

Intestinal Rehabilitation mainly deals with the process of restoring enteral autonomy and thus allowing freedom from parenteral nutrition usually by means of dietary, medical and occasionally surgical strategies. Intestinal rehabilitation occurs as a consequence of enhanced bowel adaptation or short bowel syndrome. A coordinated team of gastroenterologists, surgeons and nutritionists provide long-term care to Patients with short or malformed intestines.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a typical infection which is the major cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Most people with H. pylori infection will never have any signs or symptoms. Diagnosis of this disease can be done using blood test, breath test, stool test, scope test. Treatment can be done using Proton pump inhibitors, Histamine (H-2) blockers, Bismuth subsalicylate.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used drugs and their widespread use is associated with increased gastro-intestinal toxic effects such as ulceration, haemorrhage, perforation and death.

Using of Lansoprazole in the prophylaxis of acid aspiration during elective surgery is one the advance treatment in Digestive diseases.

Gastroenterology has emerged from the backwoods of medical specialties only over the past 20 years. It is Because of massive improvement in the field of diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology has undergone binary fission into hepatology and “hollow organ” gastroenterology. Innovations in colorectal cancer screening, capsule endoscopy, cures for hepatitis C and new biologic therapies are some of the recent advances in gastroenterology.

Neurogastroenterology is the study of the brain, the gut, and their interactions with relevance to the understanding and management of gastrointestinal motility and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Precisely, neurogastroenterology targets on the functions, malfunctions, and the malformations of the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions of the digestive tract.

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) was introduced as a new effective therapeutic option for esophageal achalasia.

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